The Rhetoric Templates for Argumentative Writing - 600 Words

The Rhetoric Templates for Argumentative Writing In the Introduction to They Say / I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing, Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein provide templates, that were created from fundamental writing moves, that writers usually pick up along the way without realizing it. Those moves are so common that the authors turned them into templates in their book. The authors consider the main template â€Å"They Say / I Say† to be the foundation for all successful dialogue. Specifically, Graff and Birkenstein argue that the types of writing templates they offer help less experienced writers, as well as accomplished writers guidance and direction, to structure and generate their own writing. As the authors themselves put†¦show more content†¦Thus, the best academic writing is deeply involved with other people’s viewpoints. Although some people believe that the templates may take away their freedom to express themselves as well as their originality and creativity, Graff and Birkenstein insist that the templates in their book aid the writer, to become more creative and original, not lessen, hinder or take away from the writing. In sum, then, their view is that to be a great writer you should be able to make logical, well supported and consistent statements, they should not just consist of smart and true expressions, which are completely void at their core. There needs to be an argument, a conversation in our writing, the reason we write is because of our need to challenge, agree, disagree etc. I agree. In my view, the types of templates that the authors recommend are a great guide for all writers alike. For instance, accomplished writers are able to show that they respectfully disagree with the other party and argue their point of view, thus helping the reader think critically about their own believes. Less experienced writers are able to use the templates as a guide to learn structuring their writing. In addition, it gives the writer a frame to work with, making the writing process much simpler. Some might object, of course, on the ground that it might be considered plagiarism. Yet I wouldShow MoreRelatedThe World Of Osama Bin Laden2435 Words   |  10 Pagesbiggest reliefs. I never thought that this day will come. I chose Osama Bin’s speech to the nation about Osama Bin Laden being dead. In this paper, I am going to research and critically examine and evaluate by using the five classical â€Å"canons† of rhetoric. I will explain into detail Obama’s speech dealing with the invention, organization, style, delivery, and memory. May 1, 2011 Barack Obama presented a speech to the American nation and the world that Osama Bin Laden was dead. Obama did this speechRead MoreEssay Writing7014 Words   |  29 PagesImportant things to look out for in narrative essay writing I am assuming that the student is able to construct basic sentence and grammar structure (past amp; present tense etc.). If the student is unable to do so, he/she is in no condition to attempt essay writing. Please sign the student for basic language/ grammar classes instead. There is a limit to how much advice I can offer via text. So I will just offer two key points. 1. ESSAY FLOW 2. CHARACTERS’ EMOTIONS / FEELINGS * 1. EssayRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesreading, discussing, writing). 3. There is less emphasis placed on information transmission and greater emphasis placed on developing student skills. 4. There is greater emphasis placed on the exploration of attitudes and values. 5. Student motivation is increased, especially in adult learners. xviii PREFACE 6. Students receive immediate feedback from their instructor and peers. 7. Students are involved in higher order thinking (analysis, synthesis, evaluation). Our goals in writing this book were

The Main Health Issues Of John Ryan - 1508 Words

This essay critically examines the main health issues of John Ryan. Recent referral from a health care team have heightened the need for John Ryan to the community nurse to do a home visit for an initial assessment and review. So, as my first visit to John as a community health nurse it is my role to integrate several nursing skills which includes assessements, carry out direct care, educate John, encourage health improvements and work together with other health care professionals to advance health. (reference here). This essay has been divided into four parts. The first part gives a brief overview of the current health history of John Ryan focusing particularly on the most current issues of his deteriorating health. The second part focuses and discuss on the priorities that will need to undertake as part of the initial home visit which include assessments, and therapeutic interventions, followed by the rationale reason of the mentioned priorities. After examining the priorities of the visit, the third part of this essay will critically evaluate a range of management strategy for goal of care for John. John Ryan has a history of chronic back pain correlated to spinal stenosis which was diagnosed in his early forties and has been experiencing constant significant pain in his lower back and hip. Spinal stenosis is considered one common cause of back pain in older adults and normally have an effect on lower lumber spine. Resulting density on the nerve formations whichShow MoreRelatedThe Opening Line Of The Movie Crash Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesand being effected by racial discrimination and degradation. Crash, directed by Paul Haggis, is a movie that illustrates the connectedness of a variety of different members of social class, gender, and race who are living in Los Angeles. 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Sport Tourism System Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Sport Tourism System. Answer: Introduction Sports Tourism refers to the act of traveling that includes observing or contributing to sporting event staying. The sports tourism has been highly rated as the growing sector in the international tourism industry. It can also refer to the experience of travel to involve in or observe sport-related activities. Sports tourism can be classified into hard and soft, sports events tourism, celebrity and nostalgia sports tourism. For hard and soft sports tourism, this refers to the quantity of individual who partake at a reasonable sports event (Delpy, 2013). Tough and soft sport tourism, motivate and attract visitors who visit the events. The soft sports tourism refers to the people participating in tourist travel in recreational sporting or signing for leisure interests. Examples of soft competition include hiking, skiing, and canoeing. On the other hand, sport event tourism refers to the visitors who travel to towns and cities to watch games. The most events that attract many tourists i nclude the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup. The two events occur after four years, in different countries in the world. Sports tourism more focuses on events that occur annually. Among examples include National Football League that is prepared at the end of the year in different towns. Others examples include hockey game and basketball (Gibson, 2010). The last category of sports tourism include celebrity and nostalgia sports tourism; this comprises visits to the sports halls of fame and venue and meeting sports characters on a holiday basis. It also includes visiting different sporting hall of fame like womens College Basketball Hall of Fame, Tennessee and the Basketball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown. In international level, there is some public include in New York. Furthermore, sports museums such as the NASCAR Museum in Charlotte and the prominent sports places like Lambeau Field in Green Bay. While active sports tourism entails those, who join in the sports and events (Parks, et al ., 2012). The sports tourism has become popular nowadays due to the following factors; a) Economic factor Adequate money enables people to participate in above kinds of sports tourism. The affluence of families has increased due to new heights that escalate significant changes in the types of opportunity individual engages as well as how employees work. Equally, different maybe experience an escalation of free time available for sport tourism events. In overall, the decrease in the number of hours on work has significantly due to the increase of holidays and development of technology. In the past decade, this has led to more disposable time for many individuals. Finally, for Australian societies, the economic changes in last few years have improved the amount of time and funds that are available to people and has as well motivated the individuals to engage in sport tourism events (Whitson D, 2013). b) Technological innovations The recent change of technology has impacted the sports tourism in many ways such as expanding to a broader cross-section of the population. An example of this development illustrate the modern modes of transport, with the automobiles and air travel many people have enabled to travel to different places to participate in the sport tourism events. Moreover, with this mode of transportation, individuals began to require accommodations in those particular locations away from homes. In additional, the innovations in the media have also played a great role in the development of sports tourism. Ultimately, the development of sports equipment production has also played a primary role in popularizing the sports tourism (Glyptis, 2014). c) Attitudes and values changes Many societies in the world have shifted from ethic values of work to values entailing the pleasure, leisure, and self-realization. The changes have significantly contributed to societal clout than before. For instance, sports clothing has enabled the individual to have different fashionable style in non-sport arenas. Hence the rapid growth of profitmaking aptness to clients whose values appeal more hedonistic and idiosyncratic than most structured sports bludgeon (Whitson D, 2013). Current trends Analysis of Sport Tourism Trends in sports tourism keep on changing depending on the weather patterns as well as the growth or decrease of town and cities populations. The trends cut across the demand for, and the supply of natural backgrounds for tourism presents problems to sport and destination managers and is developing an area of research investigation. Sport tourism trends may involve the transport, communication, accommodations, and attractions infrastructures which premised on natural resources. Other trends include authority regulation on immigration and travel requirements, policies on security, market/trade, the value of currency, and global relations contribute to supply and demand of sports tourism (Gertz, 2012). In this discussion, the paper will evaluate the Sports Tourism in relation current analysis (STEEP, PEST and PESTEL analysis). STEEP Analysis The primary purpose of the STEEP analysis is to overview the contextual analysis or environment which characterize the operating and the consideration impact that might have on the tourism companies future activities. The STEEP is an acronym of Sociological, Technological, Economic, Environmental and Political. Sociological Social environment majorly concerns with holistic understanding the potential effect of society and the likely social changes on tourism business. High trends in social influence affect the population in sports for example and also modify the operation of tourism at large. For STEEP analysis, social context will require consideration such as social culture, demography. In Australia has best tourist attraction due to society, the composition of many people and also other nationality live together. The organization factor has enabled the tourism sector to have more tourists because of they want to visit different culture. Moreover, the sports tourism industry may have various management approaches to fit the social trends (Howard, 2011). Technological The technical environment understands all fluctuation in tech that can impact in the tourism sector. Several factors contribute to the tech in sports tourism include transport technology which has played a significant role to improve sports tourism industry in Australia. Transport technology enabled to carry tourists from one place to another as well as products. Similarly, the technological enhance high speed and lower the cost in air traffic mode. Furthermore, wireless technology has also greatly that has supported the sports tourism industry in Australia. Several factors have enabled to develop wireless transport such internet, satellite, and network hence boost the sports tourism business. Another factor may be NetStorage which make many tourists attracted with the high large volume of web traffic to TMs Network. The position of has boosted the country to be a tourist hub in the region (Nowak, et al., 2010). For instance, the NetStorage has boosted up to 40% of international inte rnet traffic and thus TMs capability in appealing them to host the data in Australia hence becoming global data focus hub. The factors give limits to new tourism companies to join, minimum effectiveness production stage and the clout of the outsourcing decision-making. In additional, the technological changes can affect costs, quality and impact to innovation in sports tourism. Economic Economic context can impact on the tourism sector and also clients who are the tourists. They include economic growth, rates of interest, rates of exchange, and the inflation rate. The sports tourism has significantly affected by economic factors in one or the other. Exchange rates, for example, has influenced by foreign tourists. Some countries and in particular Australia, have best and current tourism industry due to they are economical, it translates that the tourists who visit Australia can spend a lot of money. Currently, the country has the best exchange rate in the region hence creating a favorable environment for travelers (Lipmann, 2014). Environmental The environment clout refers to the physical environment. The environmental factors include weather, climate, and fluctuation in an atmosphere which affect tourism in general. Furthermore, growing awareness of the potential impacts of climate change is influencing how sports tourism operate and the products they provide. Sports tourism concerns demographic factors such as gender, age, racial, knowledge of languages mobility, employment status, culture and tradition and income level (Nowak, et al., 2010). The sector also has been influenced by regulatory agencies which have liaised with parliament acts and other associated agencies. As well national and international standards. Besides, the local government laws and instruments to control and ensure compliance with. Several factors have boosted the sports tourism in Australia such as natural ecological factors. The natural environment and many islands have great role in attracting many tourists in the country. It has been noted that many tourists visit the country to enjoy and explore the sports tourist who is favored by natural factors such as beautiful beach and sea side, and favorable weather condition (Delpy, 2013). Weather factors mainly have played a role in improving sports tourism which has appealed many tourists to the country. The factors may range from the warm and sunny weather. Political Political steadiness and political relations affect the image of destinations in tourist-generating areas. Political opinion may translate to the condition of the country. Australia has stabilized the political view in accordance to other nations in the religion hence increase the number of tourists. The government has enabled to separate the religion and politics to appear as a different entity. The government has given people the freedom of participating and thinking towards their way. In the sports tourism, the government has intervened in the economy. Notably, the political factors have regulated the tax policy, labor law (for staffs), environment regulation, trade restrictions, and tariffs that matter concern in the tourist industry. The government has great input role on ensuring the infrastructure development to ensure efficient transportation facilities. Australia sports tourism industry will continue to grow rapidly in future, on the back of increasing publicity activities by the government and growing reputation of the country as far as tourism business hub is concerned (Polanec, 2014). Future scenarios of Sport Tourism Eastern revel in Each the worldwide economic system and the Australia financial system is growing. There is a choice to gain sales and products which might be accurate, genuine, and not exacerbated using being fake or contaminated. Customers are reliable and determine for extensive vacations in harmless and actual vocations. Many leisure holiday places have declined in stature because of problems with prolonged extremism and natural fiascos (Glyptis, 2014). At the national level, in many current years, Australia has appreciably stepped forward its widespread convenience and facilities in elegant. As a fragment of a comprehensive upgrading plan, Sydney global airport changed into constructed and accomplished substantial significance as a center between China-Europe and an extended Far East. The government has recognized strict region regulation concerning the corporation of the region and ecological security (Gibson, 2013). The trends have created top occasions for Australia, a secure part, divulging real merchandise/services, new panoramas, villages and exceptional environments along with teashops and bistros all marked via tradition and historical past. Furthermore, genuineness and first-rate higher availability and a greater first-class surroundings have appealed new holidaymakers within the senior and fitness segments, as well as growing precise situations for the intensification of home leisure industry. There are industrial performance occasions all around the Australia, initiating from the amplification of gives at the nearby degree, drawing upon nearby groups, human talents, and advantages. The offer, in precise the interior and localities of natural splendor, is branded via an environment of fortification and fun (Delpy, 2013). Global Emotions The international economic system has stretched following commercial enterprise liberalization and the global incorporation trendy marketplaces. Throwaway designer has additionally expanded significantly, and global traveling accelerated notably. The resistance among futures and studies is immoderate. On this scenario, today's 2020, clients are better informed, a brand new, higher traveled and knowledgeable. The current transformation toward modern individuality in which the customer explores for merchandises and services which meet the persons exact desires. Young people, in specific, evade mass-tourism package outings. Persons have involved approximately the surroundings and topnotch modern day existence. They screen the complete worldwide and all ends, seeking out new reviews and impressions, the usage of short breaks and low-charge gives. There are numerous vocation activities, and the traveler encounter a intricacy ultra-modern desire. Those external tendencies have been correctly explored, and Australia has turned out to be a sustainable traveler excursion spot providing real stories. First, limited zones maintained their tranquility and reasonable admittance. Secondly, many entertainment locations have extended theirs offers so that a miles broader type of sports is furnished collectively (Anon., 2014). Those alternatives permit individuals to exploit the green usage in their time, discover connections now not handiest derived from the modern-day, nearby and country full attachment however additionally from cutting-edge choices, distinctive brand affiliations, and area current interest. All sectors which include tourism, have made a proper use modern-day generation, reservation control and valuing strategies to hold justifiable vacation industry. In state-of-the-art, a long term the authorities have prepared and progressed the law regarding the enterprise cutting-edge the territory, at the national and nearby deg ree, promoted the surroundings and the reconstruction modern-day historic and cultural birthright. Active and reasonably-priced charge accessibility, combined with exceptional incorporating and differentiated deals, have appealed new clienteles from other customary markets (Rangus Brumen, 2016). Australia Sin Surprise Within the past decade, intercontinental visiting has now not raised an appalling lot because of a deteriorating of security and ecofriendly menaces in many additives of the globe. But, Australia has in a few method furthered from this example and persisted an appealing area with the aid of providing highpoint climate situations, a verdant panorama, and safety. Propinquity, (ethnic, historical and environmental) and a few other adjustable elucidating the mutability of vacationers on this state of affairs. These days brought worldwide airfield does not have the magnitudes and tendencies to become an indigenous center. Consequently, Australia remains mounted in Sydney as an extended way as long distance flights are concerned. The development of the better approachability to Australia created the situations to speak approximately many touristic marketplaces, being that a huge range of Australian operators and other vacationer sellers set up in Portugal. Even though maintaining the marke t turned out to be feasible most energetic because of the truth there were progresses concerning the recuperation of patrimony and manipulation of Australias educational records (Dwyer, et al., 2016). Australia outstands the efforts to draw global activities, and round 2020 Australia organizes an intercontinental football event, which prompted attraction to many tourists. In spite oftherealitythat,patronpowerandoppositioncompelledrestrictionsdown. With aregularandconventionalcallfor, theplayersinside themarketplacedidno longermakefullhugefundingtoachievementover structuralguidelines: technologicaldifficulties, untrainedpersonnel, territorial. Inefficiency, and a deleterious and unexpressed health device. As a result, it will likely be concerned with the prospect to draw immoderate-salary of customers that search for immoderate necessities and comfort (Gertz, 2012). Conclusion In a nutshell, for sustainable sports advancement, the inclusiveness of all stakeholders and the publicity targeting the neighborhood population is a significant component of the making plan's procedure. The tourism industry in Australia underscores the crucial role of taking part. Hence encourage government and policy makers to offer participation chances and to liaise correct communique to expand project-associated information in a complete way. Stakeholders in sustainable sports tourism management coordination where all participants interested in improving tourism development and biodiversity upkeep. Sustainable sports tourism development entails especially the domineering of considering as well concerning the wishes and needs of the local and foreign tourists (Moeller, et al., 2011). Sports tourism is a secondary challenge of public coverage management. As a result, handiest controlled adequately if all shareholders partake inside the selection-making process. The travel area inc ludes an incredible variety of services and products and affects the local economic system as well as the culture and values of the sports activities tourism destination. It translates that there's a great desire of humans concerned in sports activities travel like local tour carrier providers and innkeepers. Furthermore, the entire residents are prompted via sports activities tourism development. Such stakeholders include local populations, tour/travelers operators and tourism organizations, and travel providers such as tourist guides and restaurant owners (Kogovs?ek Kogovs?ek, 2014). References Anon., 2014. Sport Tourism. Choice Reviews Online, 36(9), pp. 342-349. Delpy, L., 2013. An Overview of Sport tourism: Building towards a dimensional Framework. Journal of Vaction Marketing, 4(1), pp. 23-28. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. Spurr, R., 2016. Economic impact of sport events : a reassessment. Tourism review international, 10 (4), pp. 207-216. Gertz, D., 2012. trends, strategies and issuesin sport event Tourism. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 7(2), pp. 8-13. Gibson, H., 2010. Active Sport Tourism;Who participate?. Leiusre Studies, 17(4), pp. 155-170. Gibson, H. J., 2013. Sport tourism. Journal of sport management., 17(3), p. 123127. Glyptis, S., 2014. Sport and Tourism. Progressm in Tourism, Recreational and Hospitality, 3(1), pp. 165-205. Howard, D., 2011. Participating rates in selcted Sport and fitness activities. Journal of Sport MAnagement, 6(3), pp. 191-225. Kogovs?ek, M. Kogovs?ek, M., 2014. Sustainability of tourism destination. Peace, culture and tourism,, 12(4), pp. 153-173. Lipmann, G., 2014. Multilateral Liberalisation. The Travel and Tourism Dimension. Air and Space Law,, 19(3), pp. 152-157. Moeller, T., Dolnicar, S. Leisch, F., 2011. The sustainability-profitability trade-off in tourism : can it be overcome?. Journal of sustainable tourism, 19(2), pp. 155-169. Nowak, J.-J., Petit, S. Sahli, M., 2010. Tourism and globalization : the International division of tourism production. Journal of travel research, 49(2), pp. 225]-245. Parks, J., Zanger, B. Quarterman, J., 2012. Contemporary sport mangemen: human Kinetics. Sydney: Champaign II. Polanec, A., 2014. Sport tourism centres from top athletes' perspective : differences among sport groups. Business systems research journal, 5(2), pp. 97-109. Rangus, M. Brumen, B., 2016. Development of tourism research. Teorija in praksa, 53(4), pp. 929-941, . Whitson, D. D, M., 2013. The Global Circus; International Sport, tourism and the Marketing Cites. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 34(7), pp. 278-294.

Interrelationship between Politics, Religion, and Material Things in Japan

Introduction Civilization of Man, which has been marked by notable complexity, can be traced back to Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China hundred thousands of years ago.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Interrelationship between Politics, Religion, and Material Things in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All human societies past and present are multi faceted institutions and have set up and nurtured these institutions in attempts to discover themselves and add meaning to their life through establishment of justice and order. Through them, man has endeavored to find out and comprehend his place, role and destiny in an ever mysterious universe. Consequently, all spheres of human life in most societies have been and are still largely interrelated to an extent that it is difficult to divorce one societal element from the other despite modern man’s attempts to differentiate political, economic and religious roles and duties of these institutions. The purpose of this task is to discuss from a historical point of view interrelationship between politics, religion, and material things in Japan. Japanese cultural conservatism Japanese culture is very old. Today, Japanese together with Chinese and other Asian people have appreciably succeeded in retaining much of their old age cultural practices. This is despite the overwhelming European and to some extent Arabic cultural influences that have swept across different continents courtesy of Western colonialism and imperialism during nineteenth and twentieth century. Japanese culture is certainly one of the most conservative in the modern world.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Meyer observes that even if Japan was opened up to the outside world by the United States during mid-1850s, Japan continued to preserve much of its tradition and that its partia l isolation led to a relatively high degree of cultural conservatism (9). In other words, alien cultural and imperial pressures did not manage to influence the Japanese way of life. Instead old ways were preserved along side alien culture. Meyer asserts that right from the time Japanese started coming into extensive contact with influential foreigners like Chinese and Europeans, they were able to put up with various religious and secular ideologies such as Confucianism, Buddhism, animism, Shintoism and Christianity (9). Although it is not known precisely whether Japanese comprehended fully the substance of the borrowed foreign ideas, they were cognizant of the differences emanating from foreign ideas (Henning 74). Therefore, even though external influence left noticeable marks upon Japanese way of life they were able to retain cultural practices that were uniquely their. (Meyer 9). According to Meyer (9), this cultural uniqueness was explicitly manifested in the persistence of simpl e prehistoric religious beliefs and attitudes and more sophisticated ideologies. Due to Japanese socio-cultural conservatism, there is an aspect of Japanese historical continuity that has progressed without much interference from foreign cultural influence. However, as indicated above Japanese history has been characterized by the usual borrowing and giving that characterizes histories of other human cultures and civilizations world over Henning (74). As a result, in the modern Japanese society religion is constitutionally separated from the state, unlike before the influx of western ways when religion and state were not separate. In traditional societies, the interrelationship between politics, religion and material things is more conspicuous as opposed to modernized societies where there is a deliberate and systematic attempt to separate these units of the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Interrelationship between Politics, Religion, and Material Thi ngs in Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, in most Western societies and other societies in Africa and Latin America as well as modern Japan that has been assimilated by Europeans through their colonialism and imperialism the state is by de jure separated from religion. Consequently, although mainstream religious groups reserves the rights to take part in political debates on matters of national importance, there are no religious beliefs and values per se that dictates societal politics in modernized nations. However, it is noteworthy that there is an unofficial interrelationship between religion and politics in modern societies unlike in traditional societies where the interrelationship is explicitly or tacitly official. Interrelationship between politics, religion, and material things in Japan As mentioned earlier, human life is highly multifaceted as manifested by various societal institutions that have come into b eing slowly over a long duration of time. In Japan politics, religion and material things has for long been interconnected since the entrance of Buddhism in to Japan in approximately 550 CE and before (IIes 173). According to IIes (173), Buddhism came to Japan alongside the Chinese writing system and numerous statuary and sutras through the three kingdoms of Silla, Paekche and Koguryo. Buddhism is both a religion and a philosophy. As a philosophy that has swept across much of Asia, it has won followers from kings, courtiers and ordinary people in the same manner (IIes 173). As a religion and philosophy with elaborate and complicated traditions, it has fine distinctions and a broadly developed way of visualizing the reality, both material and spiritual. Also it has a subtle way of considering the relationship between the human (collectively and individually) and the nonhuman (IIes173).Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More IIes observes that Buddhist religion and philosophy suggests that there is an interconnectedness of all things, material and immaterial and the fundamental equation of all things with each other (173). Essentially, Buddhism is a philosophy which seeks to set free its followers from suffering that is brought by desire. According Buddhist teachings, this desire originates from insistence of individual desires (IIes173). Reader points out that Buddhism has been closely related for protracted periods of Japanese history with the state (6). Reader further states that Buddhism functioned nearly as a pillar of the political system from its initial coming into Japanese society, up to the time during when it functioned as a virtual system of local government and control during the Tokugawa period (Reader 6). However, it is important to note that other Japanese religions such as Shintoism has had a close relationship with the state during different periods in the history of the Japanese socie ty. For instance, from 1868 to1945, State Shinto was a chief ideological support of the militant and imperialist nationalism (Reader 6). According Yewangoe (112), the relationship between religion and the state during different regimes in the history of Japan became even more strengthened when Buddhism became the state religion during the Koryo dynasty between 918-1392 A.D. When Buddhism was instituted as the state religion, monasteries became affluent. Yewangoe (113) points out that numerous commercial factors such as usury-lending money at interest, financial and material gifts from nobles and the court, the advantage of tax exemptions among other favorable commercial factors contributed to their unmatched economic prosperity. Yewangoe further notes that the connection between the congregation (Sangha) and the ruling class continued to be close even after Mongol invasions during the reign of the Koryos (113). On one hand, the aristocrats supported the Sangha with material things, while the Sangha provided the aristocrats with a variety of ritual services like prayers for rain and good harvest. In addition, religion was an important unifying factor of the Japanese society. In fact, political leaders were the leaders of both the worldly and the sacred spheres of life (Yewangoe 112). Evidently there was a conspicuous interrelationship between politics, religion and material things that, as illustrated above, necessitated by interdependence between the religious and political spheres of the traditional Japanese society. Reader (6) points out that it is the 1946 Constitution, which was operationalised by the American-dominated Occupation government that officially ruined interrelationship between politics, religion, and state in Japanese history. This interrelationship was approved and cemented by Buddhist philosophy which proposed fundamental interconnectedness of everything and the basic equality of all things with each other. The kings, monks and the ruled rec ognized and appreciated interrelationship of all things- material and immaterial-as taught by their Buddhist religio-philosophy. The Sangha thus depended up on the aristocrats who were the owners of material wealth while the aristocrats looked up on the Sangha for the equally and needed important ritual services from the Sangha. All things were equally important and needed by all in order to experience an all round and meaningful life. According to Reader (6), in this close relationship between religion, politics and the state, the state stood by and supported particular religious practices, which in return gave support and approved moral acceptance of the state by the common citizens. The relationship between religion and state served as a unifying factor for national unity and development of a sense of national awareness (Reader 6). Buddhists practiced Takuhatsu which refers to a give-and-take exchange between individuals (monks, aristocrats and laymen) and citizens in which all g ives and receives. The redistribution involved not only alms-gathering of money and material things for the disadvantaged groups of people in the society but also a major element of the living custom of making the temple a â€Å"field of merit† to which individuals could give by planting and cultivating and from which they could gain by reaping. In simple terms, Takuhatsu had always been part and parcel of a ritual gift exchange. It was also a necessary social organization in Buddhist world for maintaining the social connections between the monastic and the ordinary community both of whom were givers and receivers of an important transaction of material goods, spiritual and magical power. The giving of material things such as clothes, food, medicine and other important items to monks in exchange for getting the gifts of dharma and obtaining merit was seen as an equal barter of gifts, with both parties having significant interests in the exchanged â€Å"objects†. The ri tual swapping over of gifts between the monks and the laymen, who were both givers and receivers was seen to be of equal intensity, value and importance. The monks and the ordinary men gave or received religious or material gifts which in their eyes and comprehension were of equal value. Today, even though Buddhism remains as one of the main religious movements in Japan, the practice of Takuhatsu has undergone major changes. For example, for the modern Japanese giving money is only justified if it is directed towards accomplishment of existing projects such as renovating temple buildings (Borup172). Some feel that by giving material things laypersons are taken advantage of in giving a lot than they receive and that their â€Å"return gifts† are of non-practical and uncontrollable in nature. Others argue that their gifts do not match up to the dharma and merit-gifts from the monks, thus the donation to the exchange is qualitatively underrepresented. However, in rural monasteri es, vegetables and rice are hitherto objects of contributions, often offering the monks with adequate amounts of food items to provide their own diet. Nevertheless, giving and receiving gifts is a major component of the modern Japanese Buddhist’s life. With time, checks and balances have evolved and these ensures that selfish monks do not take advantage of unsuspecting laypersons. In a typical traditional Japanese society, during the long periods of interrelationship between Buddhism and the state including the ruling class, monks and the laymen recognized, all people appreciated and upheld the Buddhist principle and teaching of the equality of all things-spiritual and material alike. Therefore, everyone came out fairly in the ritual exchange of religious or spiritual gifts from the monks and material gifts from the noble, courtiers and ordinary men. In that Buddhist world everything was equally significant whether material or immaterial for one to experience life fully. For traditional Japanese, there was no one single structure of the society alone whether political, social or economic that was more important and dominant up on others. Instead, the political, religious and economic structures of the society were equal and equally important to the full realization of life for all including the rulers, monks, ordinary men and the less privileged in the society. Since operationalisation of the 1946 constitution which is largely based on the American concepts of separation between the state, politics and religion, the traditional Japanese relationship between politics, the state and religion has largely been broken. For example, Reader (7) argues that although the mainstream religions of Buddhism and Shintoism actively take part in socially-oriented ceremonies and rituals, social change related to constitutional provision of religious freedom together with a progressively more consumer-oriented nature of the modern Japanese society, has motivated an enorm ous growth in the level of religious choice. Consequently, there is no opportunity for any religion acquiring a position and status of privilege either at the moment or in the near future. However, it is noteworthy that constitutional separation of religion and state does not signify non-existence of central religious values or meanings that are usually common to a large majority of people in a given society. It also does not mean that religion does not play a part in shaping the self-awareness or identity of a society and individuals (Reader 7). Therefore, there is an overall central part of commonly held beliefs, assumptions, customs, practices, expectations and attitudes that carry on the giving of a sense of unity and cultural belonging to majority in Japan up to date (Reader 7). It also shapes and affirms Japanese identity even though the traditional interrelationship between religion and the state has been broken. Works Cited Henning, Joseph M. Outposts of civilization: race, religion, and the formative years of American-Japanese relations. New York, NY: NYU Press, 2000. Print. Iles, Timothy. The crisis of identity in contemporary Japanese film: personal, cultural, national. New York, NY, BRILL, 2008. Print. Meyer, Milton Walter. Japan: a concise history. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2009. Print. Reader, Ian.†Civil Religion in Contemporary Japan.† The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies. 9.94(2001): 6-32. Web. Yewangoe, Andreas Anangguru. Theologia crucis in Asia: Asian Christian views on suffering in the face of overwhelming poverty and multifaceted religiosity in Asia. New York, NY: Rodopi, 1987. Print. This essay on Interrelationship between Politics, Religion, and Material Things in Japan was written and submitted by user K1nsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.